Capital: Montgomery

Governor: Don Siegelman, D (to Jan. 2003)

Lieut. Governor: Steve Windom, R (to Jan. 2003)

Senators: Jeff Sessions, R (to Jan. 2003); Richard C. Shelby, R (to Jan. 2005)

Secy. of State: Jim Bennett, R (to Jan. 2003)

Treasurer: Lucy Baxley, D (to Jan. 2003)

Atty. General: William Pryor, R (to Jan. 2003)

Auditor: Susan D. Parker, D (to Jan. 2003)

Organized as territory: March 3, 1817

Entered Union (rank): Dec. 14, 1819 (22)

Present constitution adopted: 1901

Motto: Audemus jura nostra defendere (We dare defend our rights)

State Symbols:

Study in the Deep South: Alabama
An Introduction by Fob James Jr., Governor of Alabama

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Spanish explorers are believed to have arrived at Mobile Bay in 1519, and the territory was visited in 1540 by the explorer Hernando de Soto. The first permanent European settlement in Alabama was founded by the French at Fort Louis de la Mobile in 1702. The British gained control of the area in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, but had to cede almost all the Alabama region to the U.S. and Spain after the American Revolution. The Confederacy was founded at Montgomery in February 1861 and, for a time, the city was the Confederate capital.

During the last part of the 19th century, the economy of the state slowly improved. At Tuskegee Institute, founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington, Dr. George Washington Carver carried out his famous agricultural research.

In the 1950s and '60s, Alabama was the site of such landmark civil-rights actions as the bus boycott in Montgomery (1955-56) and the "Freedom March" from Selma to Montgomery (1965).

Today paper, chemicals, rubber and plastics, apparel and textiles, primary metals, and automobile manufacturing constitute the leading industries of Alabama. Continuing as a major manufacturer of coal, iron, and steel, Birmingham is also noted for its world-renowned medical center. The state ranks high in the production of poultry, soybeans, milk, vegetables, livestock, wheat, cattle, cotton, peanuts, fruits, hogs, and corn.

Points of interest include the Helen Keller birthplace at Tuscumbia, the Space and Rocket Center at Huntsville, the White House of the Confederacy, the restored state Capitol, the Civil Rights Memorial, the Shakespeare Festival Theater Complex in Montgomery, the Civil Rights Institute, the McWane Center in Birmingham, the Russell Cave near Bridgeport, the Bellingrath Gardens at Theodore, the USS Alabama at Mobile, Mound State Monument near Tuscaloosa, and the Gulf Coast area.

Nickname: Yellowhammer State

Origin of name: May come from Choctaw meaning "thicket-clearers" or "vegetation-gatherers"

10 largest cities (1999 est.): Birmingham, 249,459; Mobile, 200,206; Montgomery, 195,690; Huntsville, 177,893; Tuscaloosa, 85,171; Hoover, 61,406; Dothan, 58,383; Decatur, 54,988; Auburn, 42,601; Gadsden, 42,120

Land area: 50,750 sq mi. (131,443 sq km)

Geographic center: In Chilton Co., 12 mi. SW of Clanton

Number of counties: 67

Largest county by population and area: Jefferson, 657,422 (1999 est.); Baldwin, 1,596 sq mi.

State forests: 21 (48,000 ac.)

State parks: 22 (45,614 ac.)

Residents: Alabamian, Alabaman

1999 resident population est.: 4,369,862

1990 resident census population (rank): 4,040,587 (22). Male: 1,936,162; Female: 2,104,425. White: 2,975,797 (73.6%); Black: 1,020,705 (25.3%); American Indian: 16,506 (0.4%); Asian: 21,797 (0.5%); Other race: 5,782 (0.1%); Hispanic: 24,629 (0.6%). 1990 percent population under 18: 26.2; 65 and over: 12.9; median age: 32.9.