Civil engineers have one of the world's most important jobs: they build our quality of life. With creativity and technical skill, civil engineers plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to modern life, ranging from bridges and highway systems to water treatment plants and energyefficient buildings. Civil engineers are problem solvers, meeting the challenges of pollution, traffic congestion, drinking water and energy needs, urban redevelopment and community planning.
As
the technological revolution expands, as the world's population increases,
and as environmental concerns mount, civil engineering skills will be
needed throughout the world. Whatever area you choose, be it design, construction,
research, planning, teaching or management, civil engineering offers you
a wide range of career choices. And there's no limit to the personal satisfaction
you will feel from helping to make our world a better place to live.
There are seven major, interrelated branches of civil engineering:
Structural
Engineering
Structural engineers
face the challenge of designing structures that support their own weight
and the loads they carry, and that resist extreme forces from wind, earthquakes,
bombings, temperature and others. Bridges, buildings, amusement park rides
and many other kinds of projects are included within this speciality.
Structural engineers develop appropriate combinations of steel, concrete,
timber, plastic and new exotic materials. They also plan and design, and
visit project sites to make sure work is done properly.
Environmental
Engineering
The skills of
environmental engineers have become increasingly important as we protect
our fragile resources. Environmental engineers translate physical, chemical
and biological processes into systems to destroy toxic substances, remove
pollutants from water, reduce nonhazardous solid waste volumes, eliminate
contaminants from the air and develop groundwater supplies. Environmental
engineers are called upon to resolve the problems of providing safe drinking
water, cleaning up contaminated sites with hazardous materials, disposing
of wastewater and managing solid wastes.
Geotechnical
Engineering
Geotechnical
engineering is required in all aspects of civil engineering because most
projects are supported by the ground. A geotechnical engineer may develop
projects below the ground, such as tunnels, foundations and offshore platforms.
They analyse the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the
behaviour of these structures. They evaluate potential settlements of
buildings, the stability of slopes and fills, the seepage of ground water
and the effects of earthquakes. They investigate rocks and soils at a
project site and determine the best way to support a structure in the
ground. They also take part in the design and construction of dams, embankments
and retaining walls.
Water
Resources Engineering
Water is essential
to our lives, and water resources engineers deal with the physical control
of water. They work with others to prevent floods, supply water for cities,
industry and agriculture, to protect beaches or to manage and redirect
rivers. They design, construct and maintain hydroelectric power facilities,
canals, dams, pipelines, pumping stations, locks, seaport facilities or
even waterslides.
Transportation
Engineering
The quality
of a community is directly related to the quality of its transportation
system. Transportation engineers work to move people, goods and materials
safely and efficiently. They find ways to meet our ever-increasing travel
needs on land, air and sea. They design, construct and maintain all types
of transportation facilities, including airports, highways, railroads,
mass transit systems and ports. An important part of transportation engineering
is upgrading our transportation capability by improving traffic control
and mass transit systems, and by introducing highspeed trains, people
movers and other intermodal transportation methods.
Construction
Engineering
The construction
phase of a project represents the first tangible result of a design. Using
technical and management skills, construction engineers turn designs into
reality on time and within budget. They apply their knowledge of
construction methods and equipment, along with the principles of financing,
planning and managing, to turn the designs of other engineers into successful
facilities.
Urban
and Community Planning
Planners are
concerned with the full development of a community. They analyse a variety
of information to co-ordinate projects, such as projecting street patterns,
identifying park and recreation areas, and determining areas for industrial
and residential growth. They employ their technical and people skills
to co-ordinate with other authorities to integrate freeways, airports
and other related facilities.
Qualifications
and Trends
More and more,
those entering the civil engineering field must have skills in communication,
computers, management and foreign languages, as well as advanced knowledge
in a speciality within civil engineering. Students increasingly need to
have knowledge of foreign languages or cultures, because many civil engineering
mega projects are now overseas: Petronas Towers in Malaysia, the Channel
Tunnel in Europe and the new Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan, which is the
longest suspension bridge in the world.
Engineers with geotechnical and environmental engineering expertise remain in strong demand because environmental concerns touch all infrastructure projects. Robotics and computer skills are also prized in civil engineering as automation and information technologies continue to evolve the civil engineering workplace. Today's engineers will see more specialisation, working in teams, globalisation, new materials and increased use of computer applications.
Today, engineers must continue their education long after their bachelor's degree. Whether through continuing education and professional development programs, many of which are offered through ASCE, or master's degree programs, students will need to increase their knowledge base to remain competitive. In addition, more and more employers are encouraging employees to earn master's degrees and become licensed professional engineers.
Future
Demand and Salaries
The demand for
civil engineers will remain strong. According to the U.S. Department of
Labor, the number of U.S. civil engineering jobs will increase from the
current 184,500 (1994 figure) to 218,700 by the year 2005. That growth
rate is average for most job fields. The market for engineers in the U.S.
is in infrastructure renewal, as so much of our infrastructure - from
highways and bridges to water treatment systems and dams - are decaying
and in need of repair. In 1998, the U.S. Congress passed a new transportation
funding bill that increases spending by 40 percent to rebuild some 150,000
miles of roads. The new funding will create 1.4 million new jobs in the
transportation construction industry, according to the American Road and
Transportation Builders. Many engineering firms and state transportation
departments are understaffed to handle all the work.
According to the most recent U.S. salary survey conducted by ASCE in 1995,
entry-level civil engineers earn an average of $32,000; mid-career engineers
earn $52,000-$58,000; and senior engineers average $73,000-$86,000.
Resources
for Students
The American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), headquartered in Reston, Virginia,
is a professional society for 123,000 civil engineers worldwide, with
several programs to encourage and support civil engineering students.
The Society publishes a booklet on civil engineering careers, and has
active student chapters at more than 225 colleges and universities throughout
the U.S. For more information on civil engineering careers or college
engineering programs, contact the Educational Activities Division of ASCE
at 703/295-6000.
Author
James E. Davis
Executive Director and CEO
American Society of Civil Engineers
