Capital: Topeka

Governor: Bill Graves, R (to Jan. 2003)

Lieut. Governor: Gary Sherrer, R (to Jan. 2003)

Senators: Sam Brownback, R (to Jan. 2005); Pat Roberts, R (to Jan. 2003)

Secy. of State: Ron Thornburgh, R (to Jan. 2003)

Treasurer: Tim Shallenburger, R (to Jan. 2003)

Atty. General: Carla Stovall, R (to Jan. 2003)

Commission of Insurance: Kathleen Sebelius, D (to Jan. 2003)

Organized as territory: May 30, 1854

Entered Union (rank): Jan. 29, 1861 (34)

Present constitution adopted: 1859

Motto: Ad astra per aspera (To the stars through difficulties)

State Symbols:

Affordable Academic Excellence in the Wired, Wired West

Spanish explorer Francisco de Coronado, in 1541, is considered the first European to have traveled this region. Sieur de la Salle's extensive land claims for France (1682) included present-day Kansas. Ceded to Spain by France in 1763, the territory reverted to France in 1800 and was sold to the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and Stephen H. Long explored the region between 1803 and 1819. The first permanent settlements in Kansas were outposts-Fort Leavenworth (1827), Fort Scott (1842), and Fort Riley (1853)-established to protect travelers along the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails.

Just before the Civil War, the conflict between the pro- and anti-slavery forces earned the region the grim title of Bleeding Kansas.

Today, wheat fields, oil-well derricks, herds of cattle, and grain-storage elevators are chief features of the Kansas landscape. A leading wheat-growing state, Kansas also raises corn, sorghum, oats, barley, soybeans, and potatoes. Kansas stands high in petroleum production and mines zinc, coal, salt, and lead. It is also the nation's leading producer of helium.

Wichita is one of the nation's leading aircraft-manufacturing centers, ranking first in production of private aircraft. Kansas City is an important transportation, milling, and meat-packing center.

Points of interest include the Kansas History Center at Topeka, the Eisenhower boyhood home and the new Eisenhower Memorial Museum and Presidential Library at Abilene, John Brown's cabin at Osawatomie, recreated Front Street in Dodge City, Fort Larned (once the most important military post on the Santa Fe Trail), and Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley.

Nicknames: Sunflower State; Jayhawk State

Origin of name: From a Sioux word meaning "people of the south wind"

10 largest cities (1999 est.): Wichita, 335,562; Overland Park, 142,783; Kansas City, 139,971; Topeka, 124,529; Olathe, 88,192; Lawrence, 78,911; Shawnee, 46,364; Salina, 44,077; Manhattan, 41,499; Lenexa, 40,518

Land area: 81,823 sq mi. (211,922 sq km)

Geographic center: In Barton Co., 15 mi. NE of Great Bend

Number of counties: 105

Largest county by population and area: Sedgwick, 451,684 (1999 est.); Butler, 1,428 sq mi.

State parks: 22 (14,394 ac.)

Residents: Kansan

1999 resident population est.: 2,654,052

1990 resident census population (rank): 2,477,574 (32). Male: 1,214,645; Female: 1,262,929. White: 2,231,986 (90.1%); Black: 143,076 (5.8%); American Indian: 21,965 (0.9%); Asian: 31,750 (1.3%); Other race: 48,797 (2.0%); Hispanic: 93,670 (3.8%). 1990 percent population under 18: 26.7; 65 and over: 13.8; median age: 32.8.